Sustainability, Well Being, Welfare Essay - 1996 Words

Keywords: sustainability; well-being; welfare 1. Introduction The term sustainability has ended up prevalent in arrangement situated exploration as a declaration of what open strategies should accomplish. The essential motivation originated from the Brundtland Report of 1987 (1). From that point forward the idea has moved in importance. This paper contends that the movement is terrible in that it darkens the genuine inconsistency which exists between long term maintainability and transient welfare. Also, the refinement between three pillars of sustainability is reasonably fluffy. We propose a definition that returns to the first sense in which the idea was expected. Notwithstanding, this paper does not profess to offer a far reaching perspective of the issue of maintainability. It displays a basic perspective of how the term is utilized as a part of approach open deliberation and in effect evaluation—the arrangement of strategies utilized as a part of connected exploration to assess strategies and undertakings. 2. Backgrounds The idea of sustainability was initially instituted in ranger service, where it implies failing to harvest more than what the timberland yields in new development The word Nachhaltigkeit (the German expression for sustainability) was initially utilized with this significance as a part of 1713. The worry with safeguarding normal assets for what s to come is perpetual, obviously: without a doubt our PalaeolithicShow MoreRelatedGlobal Business And Its Sustainability Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness and its sustainability can contribute significantly to present and upcoming accomplishment of organizations. 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InRead MoreAccounting And Reporting On Sustainability1132 Words   |  5 Pages: Accounting and Reporting on Sustainability Business sustainability has been concerned with the ensuring that organizations can implement various strategies that would contribute to the long term success of the business. Organizations that could act in a sustainable manner do not only create businesses that will live and survive for a long period of time, it will also maintain the well-being of the people and the planet as well. Leading companies are pretty much aware that their successful performance

Latino Voters And Hispanic Voters - 998 Words

There were 3,427 voters from the 62% in the city of Los Angeles that were selected for the survey in June 5, 2001(Abrajano, Nagler, Alverez, 2005). The result showed that there were racial preference in the voting patterns for the mayoral race, where 82% of Latino voters supported the Latino candidate Villaraigosa, 79% of black voters supported the white candidate Hahn and 58% of whites voted for Hahn (Abrajano, Nagler, Alverez, 2005). Delgadillo won the city attorney race receiving the majority support from the Latino voters and black voters (Abrajano, Nagler, Alverez, 2005). White voters who crossed over to vote for a Latino candidate voted based on the issue and position that the candidate was running on, but for Latino voters who voted for the white candidate, the context of the race mattered less (Abrajano, Nagler, Alverez, 2005). In the spatial model, voter’s ideology had a positive significance in both races (Abrajano, Nagler, Alverez, 2005). 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Chemistry Project on Evaporation of Liquid free essay sample

Chemistry Project on Evaporation of Liquid Acknowledgement I would like to show my gratitude to my Chemistry Teachers Ms Seema More without whose support and encouragement this project could never have have taken the present shape . I would also like to thank my lab incharge Mr. Kakde For helping Me out During The Practical Part Of This Project. Aim Acknowledgment I am are greatly thankful for the cooperation and help from the Community Science Center (CSC) authorities and the Chemistry lab staff for the successful completion of this investigatory project in the CSC Chemistry lab.Without their help and proper guidance my project might not have completed. Index 1. Introduction 2. Theory 3. Objectives of project 4. Experiment No. 1 Theory Evaporation is the process whereby atoms or molecules in a liquid state (or solid state if the substance sublimes) gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state. The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the surface tension of the liquid in order for it to evaporate, that is, its kinetic energy must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemistry Project on Evaporation of Liquid or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Evaporation therefore proceeds more quickly at higher temperature and in liquids with lower surface tension. Since only a small proportion of the molecules are located near the surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any given instant, the rate of evaporation is limited. Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of the liquid thus decreases. If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping molecules accumulate as a vapor above the liquid.Many of the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the vapor increases. When the process of escape and return reaches equilibrium, the vapor is said to be â€Å"saturated,† and no further change in either vapor pressure and density or liquid temperature will occur. Factors influencing rate of evaporation:- 1. 1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air. If the air already has a high concentration of the substance evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly. 2. 2. Concentration of other substances in the air.If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a lower capacity for the substance evaporating. 3. 3. Temperature of the substance. If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster. 4. 4. Flow rate of air. This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules. . 5. Inter-molecular forces. The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input in order to evaporate them. 1. 6. Surface area and temperature: Because molecules or atoms evaporate from a liquid’S surface, a larger surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave the liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For example, the same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilled on a table than if it is left in a cup. Higher temperatures also increase the rate of evaporation.At higher temperatures, molecules or atoms have a higher average speed, and more particles are able to break free of the liquid’S surface. For example, a wet street will dry faster in the hot sun than in the shade. Intermolecular forces: – Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the levels of mutual attraction among different molecules help explain why some liquids evaporate faster than others. Attractions between molecules arise because molecules typically have regions that carry a slight negative charge, and other regions that carry a slight positive charge.These regions of electric charge are created because some atoms in the molecule are often more electronegative (electron-attracting) than others. The oxygen atom in a water (H2O) molecule is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms, for example, enabling the oxygen atom to pull electrons away from both hydrogen atoms. As a result, the oxygen atom in the water molecule carries a partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atoms carry a partial positive charge. Water molecules share a mutual attraction—positively charged hydrogen atoms in one water molecule attract negatively charged oxygen atoms in nearby water molecules.Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation of a liquid because strong intermolecular attractions hold the molecules in a liquid together more tightly. As a result, liquids with strong intermolecular attractions evaporate more slowly than liquids with weak intermolecular attractions. For example, because water molecules have stronger mutual attractions than gasoline molecules (the electric charges are more evenly distributed in gasoline molecules), gasoline evaporates more quickly than water. Objective of project

The grasp drugs have on colomb Essay Example For Students

The grasp drugs have on colomb Essay The Grasp Drugs Have on ColombiaThe paper is going to examine the effect and extent to which drugs have a grip on the country of Colombia. This subject runs deep into the Colombian culture, and effects a huge range of people. People all the way from the President clear down to the farmer/peasant. Drugs and drug trafficking are part of the every day society, the economy, and severely tangled in the political structure. The first, and largest, problem is that of Politics. The Colombian government is wrought with corruption. â€Å"The endemic corruption that undermines the drug war is rooted in the high profits that make it a rational choice for government officials and police and military officers whose low salaries cannot compete with traffickers’ bribes.† (Bertram, Blachman, Sharpe, Andres p.170) These bribes are often used by drug dealers to buy legislators. In 1995 several congressmen, the attorney general, and the president’s campaign advisor were indicted for accepting drug money for their cooperation. It is hard to truly speculate today how many government officials are actually on the payroll of the drug cartels. Officials can make anywhere from $5,000 to $70,000 and beyond to just turn their heads and look the other way. This bribery has seeped its way through all levels of anti-narcotic forces as well. This is to say that those who are there to fight the problem arenâ €™t fighting at all, and are even profiting from it. On a large-scale one drug lord by the name of Jose Gonzalo Rodrigues Gacha was said to have spent millions of dollars to pay of an entire army brigade. At the present time the main question is what can be done to change the government and make it legitimate. In the past there have been many attempts to regulate the drug cartels. Most of these have had a very bloody, to say the least, result. An example of this was August 18, 1989 when drug dealers assassinated Senator Luis Carlos Galan. He was the leading candidate for president, and in his platform was a call to strengthen action against the dealers. In retaliation the current president, Barco, made the same decree. United States president George Bush soon endorsed him. The United States would then indite any dealers that could be captured. The cartels soon realized what would happen if they were sent to the U.S. These criminals would stand trial, and were guaranteed to be pu t in jail for years. If they were not sent to the U.S., and simply kept in Colombia they would see little jail time. In most instances they would pay their way out of jail, and be right back into the drug trade as soon as they hit the street. This crack down against drugs was with good intentions, but it had serious negative repercussions that soon hit the government. â€Å"The drug dealers responded with a massive bombing campaign centered in Medellin and Bogata.† (Wiarda and Kline p.191) These bombings were not specifically aimed at anyone in particular. They were to kill as many people as they could†¦government officials or the innocent. After the bombings had ceased so did the tough regulations on the narcos. In other words, when the narcos do not like some piece of legislation, or something the government is doing it can have it changed in a matter of time. All they have to do start the aimless bombings, and killing innocent people. These people have nothing to do w ith drugs and the government will back off. In thinking about this, what course of action does this leave the Colombian government? It is just not possible to set there and watch innocent men, women, and children be killed for something they didn’t want part of. This makes legitimacy an issue now too. The people of Colombia see their government officials and military turning their head for the cartels, and taking the drug money bribes daily. Why should these good honest people then have any faith in the government or feel that it is legitimate. The people see the government as ineffective, and in competition with the cartels. To be legitimate Colombia must have a monopoly on the legitimate use of force and be the only viable channel for solving disputes. Since they were not able to do this at all they have little legitimacy, hence the public will not and does not follow. The next area is a very bloody one, and drugs to some extent promote it. This is the violence that goes on daily. This violence can be carried out on government official who do not take bribes, and refuse to help the narcos. It may come in many different forms as well. It is not unheard of to pay some people on the street to go beat up someone’s mother, brothers and sisters, and even their close friends. The scary part is that all this can be done very cheaply. There are many poor people in Colombia and to find one that will do this type of thing for a low price is not hard. They all need money and will do whatever it takes. In some more severe cases they may become sicarios, or hired killers. Sicarios are responsible for large numbers of dead. They will kill for as little as 3,000 pesos, or ten American dollars. This makes life extremely dangerous knowing that anybody you walk by on the street could have a ten dollar bullet with your name on it. To complicate this even more is that there is no set age for these killers. â€Å"In 1984 a man was killed when to sicarios pulled up next to him on a red motorcycle and shot him in the head with a machine pistol,† (Rosenburg p.270) The man pulling the trigger turned out not to be a man at all, but a sixteen year old boy. This is common in the case of judges. They are a center for violence. When a judge is trying a case that deals with drugs he may be persuaded in many different ways by the cartels. He could be offered a bribe, if that fails he might be sent several letters on his behalf and on the behalf of his children. He may watch as everyone close to him is assaulted, or all of these things may not occur and the drug lord will just have him shot or blown up. Another source of violence is the powerful paramilitary groups. In some instances these groups have taken over areas and instituted their own law. They are trying to act in the place of the weak national government. â€Å"The deadly paramilitaries find their justification in the inability of the state to offer protection to the land owners, cattle ranchers, rural entrepreneurs, drug-trade entrepreneurs from the economic and military pressure of the guerillas.† (NACLA report) In parts of Colombia the paramilitary violence has brought about displacement that has destroyed the social fabric of the community, church, and what political organizations that had formed. Instead of offering security and some form of government these paramilitaries have served as just another means to tear Colombia apart. .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df , .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .postImageUrl , .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df , .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:hover , .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:visited , .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:active { border:0!important; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:active , .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c1718b55df389f3776e93a60fbe18df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fidal Castro Essay We will write a custom essay on The grasp drugs have on colomb specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The third problem Colombia faces is that of the economy. Farming is the job of an immense number of Colombians. The problem with this is that there is only one crop that can make them the kind of money they need to survive. This crop is coca, and it is used to make the drugs that so rampantly control the country. The farmers are very upset with this current state. They don’t all wish to add to the problem. â€Å"In 1996, over 200,000 farmers and peasants from the coca-growing regions of the country marched on their capitals, protesting the fumigation and demanding viable economic alternatives to illicit crop cultivation.† (NACLA report) This movement shows that the people want to help the drug problem, and that they do want a way out. Until there is some alternatives given they will continue protesting the spraying and the government attempts to kill their illegal crops. These farmers can’t allow this, although the crops are illegal it is what the need to survive . The bottom line is that they need an economical option to coca production. Once this is done it should cut down on the coca production in Colombia. It will come into the country from other places, but this will make it somewhat more difficult for the cartels. Another side of this must be taken into consideration as well. If there is an alternative given will the cartels up the price that they give to the farmers now to keep them producing? Will they make it another offer the farmers can’t refuse? Only time will tell. It is a severe understatement to say that the problem that drugs present to Colombia is far reaching. They encompass every part of the nation. It is a careful balancing act to fix this problem. The government has to find a way that allows them to take steps against the production of drugs. When they do this they must minimize the effects the drug dealers can have on them. If they do anything to strong they will again encounter a severe loss of lives. They must also understand that this is a necessary evil. That is to say if they want to get this done some lives may have to be lost. This is an extremely hard idea to take. A human life, especially that of the innocent killed by a car bomb, is a hard thing to bargain with. It will be a long a treacherous journey to a stable government that has control. Works CitedBertram, Blachman, Sharpe, Andres. Drug War Politics The Price of Denial. Los AngelesUniversity of California Press 1996Wiarada, Kline. Latin American Politics and Development. Boulder ColoradoWestview Press Inc. 1996Rosenburg, Tina. Children of the Cain Violence and Crime in South America. New YorkPenguin Group Publishing. 1991Macdonald, Scott B. The Latin American Drug Trade. New York:Praeger, 1989NACLA Report on the Americas, Nov-Dec 1998 v32 i3 p25(6)

Information systems and fundamentals

Information systems and fundamentals Executive Summary This report begins by describing the importance of information to an organization. It continues byemphasizing on the need for information systems in proper and effective management of this information.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems and fundamentals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In response to the first and second question in assessment 2 this report contains in its appendix a context diagram and a level zero data flow diagram (DFD) obtained from an analysis of the current scenario at the manufacturing company aimed at identifying information bottlenecks that exist. In response to the third and fourth question of assessment 2 the topic of ethics is introduced and the principles of ethics involved in scenario part B stated and explained. This report concludes thatorganizations should incorporate information systems so as to better manage their information. However, before inc orporating them they should carry out a scenario analysis so as to ensure that functional requirements of the system are known. Introduction The importance of information to an organization can be likened to that of blood in a human being. An organization that manages and protects its information well is more likely to achieve its mission as it is outlined in its mission statement than one which does not. Information systems are the means through which organizations manage and protect their information. Information systems enable organizations to fit in the dynamic context (market) their find themselves in and in addition enable them to maintain knowledge of their internal workings.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Basically, the mechanism of an information system consists of hardware and software that creates and stores a log of other vital systems in the organi zation, which are known as target systems. An example of a target system can be the human resource system in an organization. According to Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat, five types of information systems exist (1999). The first three types are office information systems, transaction processing systems and management information systems. The fourth and fifth types of information systems are decision support systems and expert systems. Discussion A context diagram also known as a level zero data flow diagram (DFD) is a DFD with a single massive central process that is the relationship between all the entities involved (SmartDraw, 2012). Context diagrams are critical in ensuring that the scope of analysis is limited to the system or scenario under investigation (Precision Quality Software, 2011). Context diagrams are also essential because they ensure that the functional requirements of a system that is to be created to solve a given problem are not overlooked (Precision Quality Software , 2011). A typical context diagram comprises of external entities, a single massive central process, data flows and /or resource flows(SmartDraw, 2012). Appendix A and appendix B show the context diagram and level zero data flow diagram of the scenario at the manufacturing company as it is described in scenario part A of assessment 2.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems and fundamentals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These two diagrams are the end result of an analysis aimed at identifying the information bottlenecks at the manufacturing company. The rectangles in the context diagram and level zero data flow diagram represent external entities, the circle represents the single massive central process and the arrows represent the data and/or resource flow. The external entities comprise the various departments of the manufacturing company (e.g. Accounts, Marketing, RD, HR), company staff, company g eneral manager and government departments. The single massive central process is an information system. As pointed out above, the information system connects all these external entities together. One flow of data is between the information system and the Accounts, Manufacturing, RD and Marketing departments. These departments request weekly reports showing for each staff member, annual and sick leave due and taken, any staff member who will be due for long service leave within the next six months and the total wages bill for that department, Month-to-Date and Year-to-Date. The information system accepts these requests, processes them, generates the reports and sends them to the relevant department. Another flow of data is between the information system and company’s staff. Company staff invoke queries against the information system so as to viewwage and leave information.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The information system accepts these queries, processes them and returns results for each query. Another flow of information exists between the information system and the company’s Human Resource (HR) department. The information system ensures that staff wage and leave requests go directly to the HR department. The information system also ensures that the HR department is notified on any resignations or vacant positions in the Accounts, Manufacturing, RD and Marketing departments. The information system in addition to these allows the HR department to store and maintain a file of rates from the different advertising newspapers and journals. Another information flow exists between the information system and government departments. This information flow ensures that the government departments receive monthly notifications on staff statistics. The final information flow is between the information system and the company’s general manager. This information flow ensures that the general manager requests and receives summarized weekly and monthly departmental reports. Copyright laws in Australia give the owner of the copyright exclusive rights to his or her works and state clearly that any other person who wishes to use copyrighted work in a manner not accommodated in the laws should obtain permission from the owner (Australian Copyright Council, 2007). The copyright laws proceed to state thatuse or reproduction of essential parts of copyrighted work without the owner’s permission amounts to infringement of copyright laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Another way in which infringement of the copyright laws occurs is when an entity authorizes infringement(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Authorization of infringement occurs when an entity endorses work that that is in itself an infringement of Australian copyright laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Authorization of infringement also occurs when an entity abets another entity to i nfringe Australian copyright laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Another way in which infringement of Australian copyright laws occurs is when an entity imports certain types of items that contain material that is copyrighted(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). Lastly, infringement of Australian copyright laws also occurs when an entity sells material that is itself an infringement of the laws or sells items that contain material that infringes the laws(Australian Copyright Council, 2007). The video by Shane Warne discussed in scenario part B of assessment 2 is protected by the Australian copyright law on films, sound recordings, broadcasts and published editions. As such Shane Warne possesses exclusive rights to its reproduction. In a business context ethics enlighten an organization on the acceptable behavior to adopt in pursuing its interests at the point in which the organization may held accountable for its actions by another entity (MacDonald, n.d.). A lack of ethics ca n be detrimental to an organization as any action it takes that involves other external entities places it at the risk of lawsuits. The lawsuits can significantly cut down on the profits of the organization. According to the ACS code of ethics one ethical principle involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is adhering tothe Australian laws (Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012). The ACS code of ethics states that its members should adhere to the Australian laws. Another ethical principle involved is the ability of its members to put the interests of the public first, that is, their own interests (business or not) should come second(Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012).This ethical principle ensures the safeguarding of the interests of immediate stakeholders. Another ethical principle outlined in ACS code of ethics that is involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is honesty and trustworthiness(Australian Computer Society I nc., 2012). The ACS code of ethics points out thathonesty and trustworthiness is one way in which to avoid conflict of interests. Another ethical principle outlined in ACS code of ethics that is involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is honoring of property rights, which includes copyrights and patents. The ACS code of ethics preaches that behavior that leads to and that encourages violation of property rights is unprofessional and should be avoided. The ACS code of ethics additionally underpins the importance of seeking authorization from the owners of copyrighted materials before creating a duplicate of copyrighted material. Another ethical principle outlined in ACS code of ethics that is involved in the scenario discussed in the second part of assessment 2 is giving proper and deserved credit to the owners of intellectual property(Australian Computer Society Inc., 2012). The ACS code of ethics preaches that is proper discipline to give proper credit to the owners of intellectual property even if the property is not protected by Australian copyright or patent laws. Recommendations This report recommends that Helen backs Sally’s option of purchasing Shane Warne’s video. This is because Sally’s option is more ethical compared to Chen’s option. Sally’s option endorses all of the ethical principles discussed above. Chen’s option encourages infringement of Australian copyright laws as well as disregards the ethical principles outlined above and therefore this report does not recommend it to Helen. Conclusion This report concludes that organizations should incorporate information systems so as to better manage and protect their information. Before incorporating the information system it is imperative for the organization to do a scenario analysis and come up with context diagrams so as to ensure that all the functional requirements of the system are known. References Australian Copyright Coun cil 2007, An Introduction to Copyright in Australia, copyright.org.au/admin/cms-acc1/_images/8735182134d3cb24174a63.pdf. Australian Computer Society Inc. 2012, ACS Code of Ethics and Code of Conduct, acs.org.au/index.cfm?action=showconID=coe. MacDonald, C n.d., Definition: business ethics, www.businessethics.ca/definitions/business-ethics.html Precision Quality Software 2011, Context Diagrams: an explanation,pqsw.com/hjsasp/gn02.cfm?SI=43479230767ID=921210469186. Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat 1999, Types of information systems, http://bisom.uncc.edu/courses/info2130/Topics/istypes.htm . SmartDraw 2012, Context diagrams, smartdraw.com/resources/tutorials/context-diagrams/. Appendix Appendix A Context diagram Appendix B Level zero Dataflow diagram

London Dispersion Force Definition

London Dispersion Force Definition London dispersion force is a weak intermolecular force between two atoms or molecules in close proximity to  each other. The force is a quantum force generated by electron repulsion between the electron clouds of two atoms or molecules as they approach each other. The London dispersion force is the weakest of the van der Waals forces and is the force that causes nonpolar atoms or molecules to condense into liquids or solids as temperature is lowered.  Ã‚  Even though it is weak, of the three van der Waals forces (orientation, induction, dispersion), the dispersion forces are usually dominant. The exception is for small, readily polarized molecules (e.g., water). The force gets its name because Fritz London first explained how noble gas atoms could be attracted to each other in 1930. His explanation was based on second-order perturbation theory. Also Known As: London forces, LDF, dispersion forces, instantaneous dipole forces, induced dipole forces. London dispersion forces may sometimes be loosely referred to as van der Waals forces. What Causes London Dispersion Forces? When you think of electrons around an atom, you probably picture tiny moving dots, spaced equally around the atomic nucleus. However, electrons are always in motion, and sometimes there are more on one side of an atom than on the other. This happens around any atom, but its more pronounced in compounds because electrons feel the attractive pull of the protons of neighboring atoms. The electrons from two atoms can be arranged such that they produce temporary (instantaneous) electric dipoles. Even though the polarization is temporary, its enough to affect the way atoms and molecules interact with each other. London Dispersion Force Facts Dispersion forces occur between all atoms and molecules. It doesnt matter whether they are polar or nonpolar. The forces come into play when the molecules are very close to each other. However, London dispersion forces are generally stronger between easily polarized molecules and weaker between molecules that are not easily polarized.The magnitude of the force is related to the size of the molecule. Dispersion forces are stronger for larger and heavier atoms and molecules than for smaller and lighter ones. This is because the valence electrons are further away from the nucleus in large atoms/molecules than in small ones, so they are not as tightly bound to the protons.The shape or conformation of a molecule affects its polarizability. Its like fitting together blocks or playing Tetris. Some shapes will naturally line up better than others. Consequences of London Dispersion Forces The polarizability affects how easily atoms and molecules form bonds with each other, so it also affects properties such as melting point and boiling point. For example, if you consider Cl2 and Br2, you might expect the two compounds to behave similarly because they are both halogens. Yet, chlorine is a gas at room temperature, while bromine is a liquid. Why? The London dispersion forces between the larger bromine atoms bring  them close enough to form a liquid, while the smaller chlorine atoms have enough energy for the molecule to remain gaseous.

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Land Law - Essay Example e above it is necessary to discuss the difference between joint tenancies and tenancies in common in order to determine whether property can be transferred to another by a will. It is also necessary to examine the way in which registration can occur with regard to ownership of the property in order to determine whether all five friends would be entitled to be entered on the property register. There also needs to be a discussion in relation to the fact that Ben is only 17 when the property has been bought, as well as a discussion in relation to the differing amounts invested by each in the property. There are two forms of co-ownership of property, which are joint tenancies1 and tenancies in common2. A joint tenancy is a collective ownership of that property. When a joint ownership is created there is unity of ownership amongst the parties3. As a result of this unity of ownership the sale or disposal of the property has to be done collectively. The Council of Mortgage Lenders allows up to four persons to be entered onto the title deeds of the property, although other persons can contribute towards the purchase price of the property. Persons not entitled to be entered onto the register will acquire a beneficial interest in the property only, although, it might be possible for them to be included on the register at a later date, if one of the four named persons either sells their share of the property or dies. Joint tenancy agreements create the right of survivorship4. Under a joint tenancy all persons have an equal share in the property. When one of the joint tenants dies, their share of the property will be divided amongst the surviving tenants. Joint tenants cannot sell their share of property to anyone other than one of the joint tenants, and they cannot transfer their share in a will. Joint tenancies are classed as unseverable5. None of the other tenants can force one of the parties to sell their share of the property and any decision to sell must be a